Endometrial carcinoma, also known as endometrial cancer, is the most common type of cancer affecting the uterus. It begins in the endometrium—the inner lining of the uterus that thickens each month to prepare for pregnancy. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining sheds during menstruation. But in some cases, cells in the lining grow out of control and form cancer.
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How Common Is It?
Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common gynecologic cancers, particularly affecting postmenopausal women, though it can also occur in younger women. According to global cancer statistics, tens of thousands of women are diagnosed each year, and early detection significantly improves survival rates.
Warning Signs and Symptoms
One of the advantages of endometrial carcinoma is that it often shows early symptoms, making it easier to detect than many other cancers. Watch out for:
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Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause
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Bleeding between periods
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Pelvic pain or pressure
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Unusual vaginal discharge
If you notice any of these signs, consult a doctor promptly. Early diagnosis is crucial.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing endometrial carcinoma:
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Age: Most cases occur in women over 50
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Obesity: Excess fat increases estrogen levels
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Hormone therapy: Estrogen therapy without progesterone
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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Diabetes and hypertension
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Family history of uterine or colorectal cancer (e.g., Lynch syndrome)
Lifestyle factors like poor diet and lack of exercise can also increase the risk.
Diagnosis and Staging
If a doctor suspects endometrial cancer, they may perform:
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Pelvic exam
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Transvaginal ultrasound
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Endometrial biopsy (a sample of the uterine lining)
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Dilation and curettage (D&C) if a biopsy is inconclusive
If cancer is confirmed, imaging tests like CT or MRI may be used to determine if it has spread—this process is called staging.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, general health, and individual preferences. Common treatments include:
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Surgery (most often a hysterectomy—removal of the uterus, and sometimes the ovaries and fallopian tubes)
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Radiation therapy
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Hormonal therapy
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Chemotherapy
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Targeted therapy or immunotherapy for advanced or recurrent cases
Most early-stage cancers are curable with surgery alone.
Can It Be Prevented?
While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent endometrial carcinoma, you can reduce your risk by:
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Maintaining a healthy weight
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Staying physically active
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Managing conditions like diabetes or PCOS
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Discussing hormone therapy risks with your doctor
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Paying attention to unusual bleeding, especially after menopause
Women with a strong family history of cancer may also consider genetic counseling.